4 Engineering Example 2
4.1 Refraction
The problem
A light ray is travelling in a medium at speed . The ray encounters an interface with a medium where the velocity of light is . Between two fixed points in media and in media , find the path through the interface point that minimizes the time of light travel (see Figure 18). Express the result in terms of the angles of incidence and refraction at the interface and the velocities of light in the two media.
Figure 18 :
The solution
The light ray path is shown as in the above figure where is a point with variable horizontal position . The points and are fixed and their positions are determined by the constants indicated in the figure. The total path length can be decomposed as so the total time of travel is given by
(1)
Expressing the distances and in terms of the fixed coordinates and in terms of the unknown position , Equation (1) becomes
(2)
It is assumed that the minimum of the travel time is given by the stationary point of such that
(3)
Using the chain rule in ( HELM booklet 11.5) to compute (3) given (2) leads to
After simplification and rearrangement
Using the definitions and this can be written as
(4)
Note that and are the incidence angles measured from the interface normal as shown in the figure. Equation (4) can be expressed as
which is the well-known law of refraction for geometrical optics and applies to many other kinds of waves. The ratio is a constant called the refractive index of medium with respect to medium .